Chloride and Sulphate in Water: What They Mean and How RO Treats Them Quick answer: how are chloride and sulphate removed from water? Reverse osmosis can reduce chloride and sulphate…

Arsenic in Water: Testing and Treatment Options Quick answer: how is arsenic removed from water? Arsenic treatment depends on the arsenic species, concentration, pH and competing water chemistry. Adsorptive media,…

Nitrate in Water: Testing, RO Removal and Treatment Selection Quick answer: how is nitrate removed from water? Nitrate is a dissolved contaminant that requires a treatment process specifically capable of…

Fluoride in Water: Testing and Treatment Options Quick answer: how is fluoride removed from water? Fluoride treatment should be selected from a laboratory fluoride result, the complete water chemistry and…

Free Chlorine vs Total Chlorine: What Is the Difference? Quick answer: what is the difference between free and total chlorine? Free chlorine is the chlorine available mainly as hypochlorous acid…

UV Dose and UV Transmittance in Water Disinfection: What They Mean Quick answer: what is UV dose? UV dose is the amount of germicidal ultraviolet energy delivered to water as…

Pressure Sand Filter Sizing Calculation: Service Flow, Bed Area and Backwash Quick answer: how is a pressure sand filter sized? A pressure sand or multimedia filter is sized from required…

4040 vs 8040 RO Membranes: Pressure Vessel Loading and Element Count Quick answer: how many RO membranes fit in a pressure vessel? The answer depends on the pressure-vessel model and…

RO Stage Array Design: How Membranes Are Arranged in Industrial RO Plants Quick answer: what is an RO stage array? An RO array describes how membrane pressure vessels are divided…

RO Flux Calculation: How to Calculate Membrane Permeate Flux Quick answer: what is the RO flux formula? RO permeate flux = permeate flow ÷ active membrane area. Flux expresses how…